StudentShare
Contact Us
Sign In / Sign Up for FREE
Search
Go to advanced search...
Free

Detailed Description of the LTE Issues - Essay Example

Cite this document
Summary
The paper "Detailed Description of the LTE Issues" discusses that according to Fletcher, the ability of the LTE device to provide advanced services such as Voice over internet protocol has been a challenge to technology innovators for quite some time…
Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing
GRAB THE BEST PAPER94.1% of users find it useful
Detailed Description of the LTE Issues
Read Text Preview

Extract of sample "Detailed Description of the LTE Issues"

The challenges that LTE devices faces are called VoWLAN. These include the quality of service security challenges. The paper will also discuss various Cloud-RAN technologies which have been applied to solve these issues.

LTE ISSUES
There are three key issues that the devices using LTE technology faces. These include packet loss, delay, jitter, and issues with the original wireless security standards.
Packet loss

It has been realized that the number of packets that reaches the destination is always less that the number of packets that were sent. This implies that some packets are lost along the network. The loss is attributed to two major ways. The first is through network packet loss as a result of overflow in the router buffer, transmission error, rerouting, and link failures. The other packet loss is a result of the excessive delay (Guan Kolding, & Merz 2010).
Delay

The time that packets take from the source to the destination is a critical factor. The delay originates from different points such as at the receiver, at the network, or at the source. The delay that occurs in either the source or the receiver results from coding such as the transformation of a signal from digital to analog or from analog to digital (Lorca & Cucala 2013). The delay also accrues as a result of packetization while the transmission, propagation, or queuing causes network delay

Jitter
Jitter is the difference in the time taken by a packet to reach the destination. This issue is very common and the only way to handle it is to use a jet buffer that contains both the dynamic software base and the hardware. However, the implementation of jet buffer should be done with intense care as it can cause other delays such as memory over-flows (Fletcher, 2009).

Initial IEEE 802.11 MAC layer
The original MAC layer used by IEEE 802.11 does not incorporate applications to support voice data, especially its sensitivity to delay jitter. This is because the ordinary MAC layer utilizes DCF and PCF to allocate the medium. DCT depends on Carrier Sense Multiple Access with collision avoidance. This property as far as sharing the medium among stations is optional in 802.11 RTS/CTS. The issue with DCF is the delay since the packets will wait until the medium is free in case there is a collision. Such an incident causes delay since the bandwidth is wasted. This is basically because of the absence of Quality of service priority and guarantees for traffic such as data and voice. In addition, when a node detects that the medium is free and start to communicate; all the others have to wait until the communicating node frees the medium (Guan, Kolding, & Merz, 2010). PCF is mostly prominent in LTE since it is optional and only uses the infrastructure setups which are linked by a single access point.

Cloud–RAN capabilities
With the rising need for high data speed, the existing technologies and infrastructure can no longer provide the required performance at a cost-effective level. The current radio access network should be very flexible and able to support various technological standards. It should also be cost-effective and simple to upgrade. Cloud-RAN has proved to be the solution to all the issues in LTE (Chang 2013). Cloud-RAN is a modern RAN topology that solves the issues present in the previous technologies. In the C-RAN configuration, the baseband processing units are concentrated in a single base station. This is referred to as base pooling.

Different baseband is all integrated to come up with a single processor that is centralized (Jimaa, Chai & Alfadhl 2011). The integration facilitates processing aggregation, ensuring dynamic spectrum allocation and efficient sharing of resources. The Baseband processing unit base station is linked to RRH via an optical link that has a CPRI interface. The multiple remote radio heads are lined to the base station pool in daisy-chaining architecture. Cloud- Radio access network is applied in various settings such as micro-, macro indoor coverage, and pico-cells (Kolding, & Merz 2010). The setup not only facilitated cheaper CAPEX and OPEX but also a flexible and intelligent network.

Increased RAN OPEX/CAPEX
The key issue faced by mobile operators is the ability to accommodate ever-increasing consumer needs. They have to expand their network ability to accommodate the broadband massive requirements. The LTE CAPEX and OPEX of RAN are attributed to the network operation construction. OPEX is linked to the operation and management of the network while CAPEX is associated with the network infrastructure architecture (Liu, Sundaresan, Jiang, Rangarajan, & Chang, 2013) Read More
Cite this document
  • APA
  • MLA
  • CHICAGO
(“Suggest one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words”, n.d.)
Retrieved from https://studentshare.org/information-technology/1491798-suggest-one
(Suggest One Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 Words)
https://studentshare.org/information-technology/1491798-suggest-one.
“Suggest One Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 Words”, n.d. https://studentshare.org/information-technology/1491798-suggest-one.
  • Cited: 0 times

CHECK THESE SAMPLES OF Detailed Description of the LTE Issues

Zheng's Contribution to World Regional Geography

This essay is concerned with the exploratory voyages of Chinese Muslim Zheng He, and why this did not lead to Chinese hegemony.... It considers the differences between these expeditions and those of other medieval explorers such as Vasco de Gama, and how Zheng He's achievements are now being interpreted....
7 Pages (1750 words) Research Paper

Rewriting Job Description in Ross Stores Company

This assignment "Rewriting Job description in Ross Stores Company" discusses changing the job description to modify the job blueprint so the company can employ strategic enactment to place the policies in position as well as update the career posting.... A job description refers to a list, which a person may use for wide-ranging tasks, or responsibilities, and functions of a title.... A Job description is typically narrative, however, some may as an alternative encompass a simple listing of proficiencies; for example, strategic human-resource planning practices may be employed to work out a competency structural design for a company, from which profession descriptions are fabricated as a pick out of proficiencies (Martin, 2011)....
5 Pages (1250 words) Assignment

Qualitative methods assignment

The study has presented credible facts based on their transcript interviews.... The researcher has presented the responses of respondents in detail.... The statements that were highlighted clearly explain the results which reinforce both competitive and organizational stressors as salient features of elite performer's lives. ...
4 Pages (1000 words) Essay

An Ethnography on a Population

This essay "An Ethnography on a Population" provides a clear description of the culture studied.... Usually, themes are used to present major findings.... The researcher should report his or her background and role and how he or she participated in the culture.... ... ... ... Fieldwork is a highly personal experience....
12 Pages (3000 words) Essay

Assessing the Quality of Qualitative Research

t does give a detailed description of the contexts of study elite UK athletes from a wide range of sports but no mention of generalization to other settings.... There are two research paradigms which have two different views of reality.... Quantitative research assumes reality to be well defined and can be....
14 Pages (3500 words) Essay

Case Study Writing Analysis

In this regard, it is imperative to note that the term case studies refer to a detailed study involving the proper description of the single social units or phenomenon under study (Jost et al, 37).... In addition, the research may involve a description of certain environmental aspects, business aspects as well as economic aspects of the environments where such research is conducted (Green, 57).... In this regard, the research may involve exploring the reasons for the existence of such issues in certain places....
9 Pages (2250 words) Essay

Fraudulent Claim Behavior

"Fraudulent Claim Behavior" paper contains the analysis that is grounded on the literature on the value of such categorizations of observed behavior and their use as a framework for analyzing real-world cases of fraud in hopes of coming up with patterns and predictive behaviors for fraud.... ... ...
37 Pages (9250 words) Thesis

Project Management Issues and Challenges to Web-Based System Integration

The author of the paper "Project Management issues and Challenges to Web-Based System Integration' identifies a fabricated virtual e-business and designs a report on integrated solutions for the business that is focused on web-based systems integration.... This paper will investigate and address project management issues and challenges that are related to web-based system integration.... Some of the challenges and issues that will be discussed herein include developing an effective project team, controlling web-based system integration projects, deployment management issues in web-based system integration projects among others....
21 Pages (5250 words) Term Paper
sponsored ads
We use cookies to create the best experience for you. Keep on browsing if you are OK with that, or find out how to manage cookies.
Contact Us